Elbow Arthroscopy (Cadaver)

CHAPTER 1

My name is Patrick Vavken. I'm a Sportsman's fellow at Boston Children's. I'm going to take you guys through portals and diagnostic elbow arthroscopy 101 basically. Starting out with the case, we do a lateral decubitus, which is, you know, how I learned it and how I like to do it for a number reasons. Anesthesia likes it. It's a quick set up, and if you use a pillow or a similar device, you can do a straight lateral approach without changing the position of the patient.

CHAPTER 2

In terms of marking, the things that I've found most interesting and most important is write down "lateral," write down "medial," on the elbow because throughout the case you might get lost, and it's going to be very helpful. Other than that, I do a very small lateral epicondyle and septum, a very small medial epicondyle and septum - make sure I get my olecranon going. I want to know where my radial head is, which will give me my soft-spot portal, and I want to palpate the ulnar nerve. Make sure it doesn't move all that much, and it doesn't sublux in flexion, which could be a potential contraindication for an elbow procedure.

CHAPTER 3

Portals we're going to be using - based on the publications of Verhaar et al., I like to use the anteromedial portal as the starting portal because there's the lowest risk of neurovascular injury.

It's about a centimeter up, and a centimeter anterior to the medial epicondyle - just in front of the septum, so you're away from the ulnar nerve.

Second port we're going to use is a proximal anterolateral portal as opposed to just anterolateral portal. Remember, all the proximal ones are safer than the distal ones.

We'll be using a soft-spot portal, and we're going to be using a modified posterolateral portal. This one we like to be just shy off the tricep - triceps tendon because that's painful for the patient if you don't poke the tendon too many times.

CHAPTER 4

Going into the joint, the most crucial part is sufficient insufflation. The elbow's going to hold anywhere between 20 and 30 cc of water. If you inject 5 cc, it's not going to help you. It's not going to get your anywhere. You can do a soft-spot portal. You can go straight through the tendon if you want to go into the fossa because you're not sure. If you did soft-spot - especially in pediatric cases or in trauma. Going in, you should feel some bone, you should feel the water flowing quite gently, and then you should look for and extension of the hand and a horseshoe in the back of the elbow. You can see quite nicely how it blows out in the back - can even redirect your needle.

Getting started with your portals, you want to think about a nip and tuck technique, so you're just going to be cutting skin big enough so that you can move your scope okay but not any deeper. Now the way I was trained - and I like it - is you're going to have a scope hand and an instrument hand based on position of the patient - not on your right or left hand dominance. You're going to feel for the ulnar nerve. Once you can palpate it, you're going to hold it out of the field. Then you're going to take a straight snap. You're going to put it through the portal. You're going to be behind the septum, and you want to move forward. When you're anterior, you're going to feel a little pop, moving back, making sure you're behind it again, moving anterior again so you're exactly sure where the septum is, and then you pierce in. Personally, I don't go through the capsule just yet - just down to the capsule to make sure I don't have a double penetration losing extra fluid. You get your obturator. You repeat the same motion. Find the ulnar nerve - find the ulnar nerve. Pull it back. Get your septum behind septum - anterior, posterior, anterior just follow back in - into the joint. Make sure you feel some bone. As you disengage the obturator, you want to pull back the obturator. At the same time, push forward the trocar a little bit to make sure you don't fall out of the capsule again. You see the water flowing back, which is going to tell us we're right in. If you have any concerns about being in the joint, you can bring in your needle on the other side, inject more water here, and you're going see it flow out of the cannula on this side. Come in. Our eye is going to be looking straight up into humerus. Horizon is just level. Well at this point, we're in the joint. As you can see, first of all, there's not a lot of flow going on. Secondly, this person had cortisone injections in the past, and this is what it's going to be doing to the joint. If you want to look at my left hand again, the way I was trained, I'm still using the pistol grip because the play of millimeters in an elbow scope is going to mess up your procedure if you fall out of the joint. So using my index finger and my ring finger, at all times I can tell how far in or out I am without even looking at the - my hand itself, so if I'm looking for my assistant to get something, I'm still in the stable position right here.

Now we want to establish our proximal anterolateral portal. My marking might have been a bit too proximal. You can see the light on your camera basically right here. Remember, you have a 30-degree scope - so you come in through here, and you're going to be falling right into the joint. While coming into the joint, there's a couple of things you want to remember. If you bring your needle in too close to the humeral head like this, you're going to have a hard time coming around into the joint. You might just not reach where you want to go, so make sure you keep a little bit of a distance before you set your portal. If you were looking at a tennis elbow, there would be a defect in the capsule right here, so you'd put your portal right through that defect because you don't have to create a second capsulotomy. The other thing - the more holes you make in a capsule, the harder it's going to be to fill the joint and keep it under the pressure, and it's going to collapse on you. Once the needle is in, and we can see the humerus up here, capitulum down here, and radial head somewhere in the water. We know the radial nerve is going to be in a safe spot, so we can just use your knife and plunge right in - into a longitudinal direction. Again, remember, the mobile wad and it's direction. And sort of just do a little capsulotomy right here, and we're going to be using the straight after. If you look at the hand on the outside, it's a 90, 90 degree. So it's 90 from here, 90 from here, so any other instrument you put in, you just go in at the same direction, and you're going to fall into that same hole hopefully. A very useful instrument at this point will be a switching stick or just the backside of a probe, which will come in - remember again, in that straight 90, 90 direction. And then you can use it to hold away the capsule, out of your field of view, and hopefully establish a bit more visibility in that joint. There's some - no there's nothing coming in or out.

CHAPTER 5

Alright, having established our second portal, we can take the - the scope through a diagnostic arthroscopy. We're looking at the capitulum. We're seeing the remnants of the injections for the lateral epicondylitis. This is the cortisone shots that destroyed the capsule and left the precipitations in the joint. This is the humerus and the attachment of the capsule is going to be up here.

Down here, we can fall into the lateral gutter. And you can actually see the torn capsule, and you can see behind it to ECRB. This will be taken out for epicondylitis. It's a nice type 3 defect. Capsule is entirely torn. You can see the mobile wad right behind it.

So that's a Baker type 3 defect. We're going to the radial head at the bottom of the picture. You can take it through a course of pronation and supination, and it should r - just roll. If there's any tilting like that, you can see this is an unstable elbow most likely. Based on that huge inflammation, probably through the repeated injections, they did get the lateral, collateral ulnar ligament, and now you can see how the joint first of all opens and also pivots to the back - and roll back forward into a reduced position. Going back further down, we can make our way to the annular ligament.

Alright, as we back up a little bit, we follow the radial head into this spot right here. This position between the ulna and the radial head is a prime location for loose bodies. If they're the anterior joint, they might just end up right in this spot. We fall off the trochlea. We can see the coronoid fossa to our right. Alright, at this point we have switched our positions to the anterolateral portal, which gives us better exposure of the coronoid right here. The medial gutter over here and just - for our medial gutter down there. If you suspect - suspecting UCL instability, this would be your - your view. That way you take the elbow through valgus va - and varus extension and see if there's instability, but this guy doesn't really move all that much. At this point we could conclude our anterior compartment diagnostics and go back into posterior compartment after having checked our favorite spot for the loose bodies one more time.

Alright, classic teaching for the posterior compartment arthroscopy: don't go medial. You can follow a line on the lateral edge of the triceps tendon as high up as crossing at radial nerve. If you're not sure where that is, if you take the diameter between the epicondyles and you go up 140% of it, that's usually where it should be. So if you don't go higher than one diameter - one epicondyle diameter - the radial nerve should not be at risk. The biceps tendon here is at risk for a painful ner - scar tissue formation if you poke it too often. So pull just shy of it will give you great exposure for the posterior and posterolateral compartments - at the same time, allow a lot of maneuverability. Mobile wad is engaging here onto the humerus, so this no man's land down here really is predisposed for this portal. We're still going to do a working portal straight trans-tricipital right here, and you're going to be using a soft-spot portal down here in a second. Establishing this por - portal is as easy as it could be because there's nothing bad in here - you just plunge all the way into the joint.

At the same time, you just plunge here all the way to the joint. Remember, that in about 5% of all people there's what we call perforated olecranon fossa where there's no bone and I just plunge all the way through into the anterior compartment. The other thing is in children, the main vasculature of the to - of the trochlea and capitulum comes through the posterolateral aspect of right here, so this portal might get you a lot of trouble and might end up in a fistula deformity. As the operator goes in - because of the usually quite extensive scar formation down there in adult people, especially in arthrofibrosis, it makes sense to loosen up everything a little bit. Just scrape along the bone. Create some space for yourself. You're not going to regret it after. Also, if you have a flexion lag, just moving up here - even using an osteotome or something - is going to create another 5 or 10 degrees of flexion postoperatively. So our scope is in the posterolateral accessory portal. We come through trans-tricipital, and we can see the olecranon down here going into the fossa up here. At this point, coming in with our second instrument - this one we might need to do some planning. You're going to see that strap of cartilage right here, and in a normal joint, this should be roughly 7 millimeters. If this is not 7 millimeters, either there's arthritis going on up here or, more likely, you have osteophytes on your olecranon. So if you're taking away, just take away as much as you need to take away to get that 7 millimeters again. If you take more, you might destabilize the whole elbow. Going over medially, we can work our way into the medial gutter. Theoretically. And there's our medial gutter.

You can see quite nicely the humerus is on top, ulnar at the bottom, and you will see that right underneath that soft tissue right there is your ulnar nerve - somewhere in here. In some publications, people have spoken about taking away the synovium and just, you know, looking at the nerve to make sure it's right where it's supposed to be. I would not recommend doing that. Coming back again into the posterolateral compartment without disengaging our camera too much, you can follow the joint into - down lateral. Even farther down lateral, using a little extension of the arm into what is called the tristate area.

You can see the lateral compartment, and looking down this way, keep going a little further, you will see the ulna at the bottom, moving right here, and the humerus on top. Now if we shift our camera in here, we'll get another prime location for loose bodies. If you fall into here quite easily, that's an indication for lateral stabilit - instability. The other thing - at the top left corner of the monitor, you want to see a little bit of bare bone, but it's cartilage all around. This is not pathological. As a matter of fact, this is more normal in most people. So at this point right here, there's no cartilage on bone, and this is where we do our ulnar osteotomies for a posterior approach. We got right this area - right here where in most patients there is no bone. The soft tissue here around the needle is the plica syndrome that is usually doubted by a lot of people. Following our needle down that way, moving this way, we'll see the groove, the saddle that used to be the ulnar radial joint right here. Now we're going to assess our posterior plica. Going through our soft-spot portal right here, we're going to take out the plica right there. Again, since there's nothing bad down here, you can just do one stab incision and bring in your shaver. Now at this point, we should see the radial head right exactly where the shaver is because it's again yanking these muscles right on the screen - on the right-hand side of the screen - which makes me wonder if this was a person who actually had a radial head resection in their younger days. Because right in that groove, right here - no radial head. A beauty of not having a radial head is it's going to make the approach to the captal - capitulum more easier. You can see where your osteotomy should have been. We've, you know, scraped it up with our shave a little bit. And what we're going to do - we're going to switch your camera into this soft-spot portal right here. We get a little better exposure of the posterior capitulum right up here. So looking into - on the humeral joint at this point, all the moving down there - we're going to roll back, we're going to come around this way, and we'll be seeing the posterior capitulum right there.

Now if you'd be suspecting an OCD, you'd be right here. If you're going to flexion, you're going to have a hard time readin - reaching this from the anterior part. If you're in the posterior compartment, you're still going to have a very hard time reaching this. This is where the accessory distal ulna portal comes into play.

You follow the edge of your ulnar down here, and staying right next to your ulnar, you'll come along up - straight into the joint. You can still see that the shape will be in straight shot for say microfracture or drilling of an OCD right back here.

CHAPTER 6

Now if you ev - you ever find yourself in a position like this where your - the suction for your shaver's really creating so much trouble that you can't work, you're going to use an elevator - for example, through the accessory posterolateral portal, coming down this way, into your field of view, pulling the capsule out of the way - Femke, you can hold this for a second? And then can use your accessory portal to come straight at your defect, be it here, be it there, be it anywhere in that place. And with that view of the posterior capitulum, we will conclude our diagnostic arthroscopy at this point.